Description
Test bank for Criminal Behavior A Psychological Approach 11th Edition Curt R. Bartol
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Criminal Behavior 1
Chapter Objectives 1
Theories of Crime 2
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Nature 4
Disciplinary Perspectives in Criminology 6
Sociological Criminology 7
Psychological Criminology 8
Box 1-1: Hate or Bias Crimes 8
Psychiatric Criminology 10
Defining and Measuring Crime 12
Uniform Crime Reporting System 12
Box 1-2: The Problem of Internet-Facilitated Crime 17
Self-Report Studies 19
Victimization Surveys 21
Juvenile Delinquency 23
Recap: Defining Crime and Delinquency 24
Summary and Conclusions 26
Key Concepts 27 • Review Questions 27
Chapter 2 Origins of Criminal Behavior: Developmental Risk Factors 28
Chapter Objectives 28
Cumulative Risk Model 29
Developmental Cascade Model 30
Social Environment Risk Factors 32
Poverty 32
Peer Rejection and Association with Antisocial Peers 33
Preschool Experiences 36
After-School Care 37
Academic Failure 37
Parental and Family Risk Factors 38
Single-Parent Households 38
Parental Styles and Practices 39
Parental Monitoring 42
Box 2-1: Monitoring, Middle School, and Family Relationships 42
Influence of Siblings 44
Parental Psychopathology 44
Psychological Risk Factors 45
Lack of Attachment 45
Lack of Empathy 46
Cognitive and Language Deficiencies 48
Intelligence and Delinquency 49
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 51
Box 2-2: ADHD: Which Treatment to Use? 52
ADHD and Criminal Behavior 53
Conduct Disorder 54
Oppositional Defiant Disorder 55
Summary and Conclusions 56
Key Concepts 58 • Review Questions 58
Chapter 3 Origins of Criminal Behavior: Biological Factors 59
Chapter Objectives 59
Genetics and Antisocial Behavior 60
Behavior Genetics 60
Studies of Twins 61
The Twins’ Early Development Study 63
Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development 64
Adoption Studies 64
Molecular Genetics 66
Psychophysiological Factors 66
Temperament 67
Environmental Risk Factors 70
Neurotoxins 70
Lead 71
Cadmium 72
Manganese 73
Mercury (Methlymercury) 73
Protective Properties of Micronutrients 74
Prenatal and Postnatal Malnutrition 75
Box 3-1: Malnutrition in Infants 75
Nicotine, Alcohol, and Drug Exposure 76
Traumatic Brain Injury 78
Brain Development Abnormalities 79
Hormones and Neurotransmitters 80
Neuropsychological Factors 80
Summary and Conclusions 81
Key Concepts 82 • Review Questions 82
Chapter 4 Origins of Criminal Behavior: Learning and Situational Factors 83
Chapter Objectives 83
Behaviorism 85
Skinner’s Theory of Behavior 86
Behaviorism as a Method of Science 86
Behaviorism as a Perspective of Human Nature 87
Skinnerian Concepts 87
Operant Learning and Crime 88
Social Learning 89
Expectancy Theory 90
Imitational Aspects of Social Learning 91
Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory 92
Frustration-Induced Criminality 94
The Socialized and Individual Offender 94
Frustration-Induced Riots 95
Frustration and Crime 96
Situational Instigators and Regulators of Criminal Behavior 96
Authority as an Instigator of Criminal Behavior 97
Box 4-1: National Security Interrogations—Psychology’s Role 100
Deindividuation 101
The Stanford Prison Experiment 103
The BBC Prison Study 104
Deindividuation and Crowd Violence 105
The Bystander Effect 106
Box 4-2: Do Security Cameras Affect Bystander Apathy? 108
Moral Disengagement 109
Summary and Conclusions 110
Key Concepts 111 • Review Questions 112
Chapter 5 Human Aggression and Violence 113
Chapter Objectives 113
Defining Aggression 114
Hostile and Instrumental Aggression 115
Box 5-1: Aggression in Recent High Profile Cases 115
Interpretation by Victim 117
Theoretical Perspectives on Aggression 117
Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic Viewpoint 118
Ethological Viewpoints 118
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis 119
Weapons Effect 120
Cognitive-Neoassociation Model 121
Excitation Transfer Theory 121
Displaced Aggression Theory 122
Social Learning Factors in Aggression and Violence 122
Modeling 123
Observation Modeling 124
Cognitive Models of Aggression 125
Cognitive Scripts Model 125
Hostile Attribution Model 125
Box 5-2: Dealing With Anger—What Works and for Whom? 128
The General Aggression Model 129
I³ Theory 130
Overt and Covert Acts of Aggression 130
Reactive and Proactive Forms of Aggression 131
Gender Differences in Aggression 132
Effects of Media Violence 133
Copycat Crime or Contagion Effect 136
Box 5-3: Copycat Gamers 137
Summary and Conclusions 139
Key Concepts 140 • Review Questions 141
Chapter 6 Juvenile Delinquency 142
Chapter Objectives 142
Definitions of Delinquency 143
Legal Definition 143
Social Definition 144
Psychological Definitions 144
Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending 145
Status Offenses 147
The Serious Delinquent 148
Gender Differences in Juvenile Offending 148
Developmental Theories of Delinquency 151
Moffitt’s Developmental Theory 152
Box 6-1: Emerging Adulthood as a Developmental Stage 154
Steinberg’s Dual Systems Model 157
Coercion Developmental Theory 158
Callous-Unemotional Trait Theory 160
Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of Juvenile Offending 161
Treatment and Rehabilitation Strategies 161
Characteristics of Successful Programs 162
Box 6-2: Gender Responsive Programming 163
Classification of Prevention and Treatment Programs 165
Primary Prevention 167
Selective or Secondary Prevention 168
Box 6-3: The Fast Track Experiment 169
Treatment Approaches 170
Summary and Conclusions 175
Key Concepts 177 • Review Questions 177
Chapter 7 Psychopathy 178
Chapter Objectives 178
What is a Psychopath? 179
Antisocial Personality Disorder 179
Examples of Primary Psychopaths 180
Behavioral Descriptions 181
Behavioral Characteristics 182
Psychological Testing Differences 183
Psychopaths and Mental Disorders 183
Psychopaths and Suicide 183
Other Principal Traits 184
The Criminal Psychopath 185
Prevalence of Criminal Psychopathy 186
Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths 186
Recidivism of Criminal Psychopaths 187
Psychological Measures of Psychopathy 187
The PCL-R 188
Criticisms of the PCL-R 189
Box 7-1: Corporate Psychopaths 189
Core Factors of Psychopathy 190
The Two-Factor Position 190
The Three-Factor Position 191
The Four-Factor Model 191
The Boldness Factor 191
The Meanness Factor 192
The Female Psychopath 192
Racial/Ethnic Differences 193
Juvenile Psychopathy 194
Can Juvenile Psychopathy Be Identified? 194
Box 7-2: Treating Adolescents with Psychopathic Features 195
Ethical Considerations 196
Measures of Juvenile Psychopathy 197
Neurobiological Factors and Psychopathy 198
Genetic Factors 198
Neuropsychology and Psychopathy 198
Central Nervous System Differences 199
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Research 202
Autonomic Nervous System Research 203
The Dual-Process Model of Psychopathy 206
Childhood of the Psychopath 207
Treatment of Criminal Psychopaths 208
Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Psychopathic
Summary and Conclusions 210
Key Concepts 212 • Review Questions 212
Chapter 8 Crime and Mental Disorders 213
Chapter Objectives 213
Defining Mental Illness 216
The DSM 216
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders 217
Bipolar Disorder 218
Major Depressive Disorder 219
Antisocial Personality Disorder 219
Box 8-1: Does Serious Mental Disorder Cause Crime? 220
Competency and Criminal Responsibility 221
Incompetency to Stand Trial 221
Criminal Responsibility 224
Insanity Standards 227
Guilty but Mentally Ill 230
Unique Defenses and Conditions 231
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 231
Dissociation 233
Dissociative Identity Disorder 234
Dissociative Amnesia 235
Mental Disorder and Violence 236
Research on the Violence of the Mentally Disordered 237
The MacArthur Research Network 238
Police and the Mentally Disordered 239
Mentally Disordered Inmates 239
Dangerousness and the Assessment of Risk 241
The Tarasoff Case 241
Violence Risk Factors and Measures 243
Summary and Conclusions 245
Key Concepts 246 • Review Questions 246
Chapter 9 Homicide, Assault, and Intimate Partner and Family Violence 247
Chapter Objectives 247
Definitions 249
Criminal Homicide 250
Aggravated Ass
